THE LOGOPHILE LEXICON
PART III: FORM AND STRUCTURE
IN THIS SECTION
3.1: Form and Structure of Words and Writing
3.2: Speech, Pronunciation & Sound
3.3: The Marks of Punctuation
3.4: The Modes of Communication
3.5: Obscure Words for Communication
3.6: Literary Devices
THE LOGOPHILE LEXICON >> HOME >> INDEX
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3.1: Form and Structure of Words and Writing
3.2: Speech, Pronunciation & Sound
3.3: The Marks of Punctuation
3.4: The Modes of Communication
3.5: Obscure Words for Communication
3.6: Literary Devices
THE LOGOPHILE LEXICON >> HOME >> INDEX
Download the Complete Lexicon
Part 3.1: Form and Structure of Words and Writing
AFFIX — An attachment to the end or beginning of base or root word. A generic term that describes prefixes and suffixes.
ALLOMORPH — An alternative manifestation of a morpheme (a set of meaningful linguistic units). Allomorphs vary in shape or pronunciation according to their conditions of use, but not as to meaning. In English, the negative prefix in has several allomorphs, such as INcapable, ILlogical, IMprobable, IRreverent.
ALLOPHONE — A phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language. For example, [p] and [pH] are allophones of the phoneme /p/; [t] and tH] are allophones of the phoneme /t/.
ANADIPLOSIS- the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning and end of a sentence.
ADJECTIVES - descriptive words that add detail to a sentence. They can give important or necessary information.
ADNOUN - the use of an adjective as a noun. Blessed are the merciful.
ANTANACLASIS - repetition of a word whose meaning changes in the second instance. "Your argument is sound...all sound." -- Benjamin Franklin.
APPOSITION - the juxtaposition of two nouns, the second of which clarifies the first. "The man, a leather-clad hoodlum, bolted from the scene when the police showed up."
ASYNDETON - lack of conjunctions between coordinate words, phrases, or clauses; a form of brachylogy.
CAESURA - a break within words in a line.
CHIASMUS - a figure of speech containing two phrases that are parallel but inverted to each other.
CLITIC — A language element with wordlike status or form that resembles a word. A clitic usually cannot be used on its own as a word in a construction. Clitics are usually phonologically bound to a preceding word or a following word.
CONJUNCTIONS - words like and, but, and or that connect concepts, clauses, or parts of sentences.
CRASIS - a contraction of two vowels, usually the final and initial vowels of consecutive words, into one long vowel or diphthong.
DEEP ORTHOGRAPHY — A writing system that does not have consistent or one-to-one correspondence between the phonemes in speech and the written code. No phoneme in English is consistently represented by the same letter in all words, and only one letter (the letter v) consistently corresponds to a specific phoneme. Examples of low orthographies would include Spanish and Finnish.
DERIVATIONAL AFFIXATION — The process of adding affixes to roots or bases in order to vary function or modify meaning. Derivational affixation transforms a stem or word from one part of speech to another (from one word class to another). For example, the verb HIT can be modified with the affix -ER to become the noun HITTER. BRIGHT, plus -LY changes from an adjective into an adverb.
DETERMINER - a word that introduces a noun, (a/an, the, every, this, those, or many). For example a car, the car, this car, many cars.
ENJAMBMENT - a thought that runs from one line to the next without a syntactical break.
ENALLAGE - substitution of one part of speech, gender, number case, person, tense, mode, or voice for another. The royal "we," as a substitute for "I."
ENCLITIC - a word or syllable which is joined with the preceding word in such a way as to lose its own independent accent. "Prithee," which is a shortening of "pray thee," and "'em," in, "Get 'em!".
EPISTROPHE - the repetition of words or phrases at the end.
EPIZEUXIS - repetition of a word with vehemence or emphasis. "Alone, alone, all all alone. Alone on a wide wide sea." -- Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
EXCLAMATION (also called an interjection) - a word or phrase that expresses strong emotion, such as surprise, pleasure, or anger.
EXTRAPOSITION - placement of a subject at a later position in the sentence than where it would normally be. "To sit down," in, "It is nice to sit down," which would normally be phrased, "To sit down is nice."
GRAPHEME — A unit (a letter or letters) of a writing system that represents one phoneme; a single symbol that has one phonemic correspondent within any particular word.
GREEK PREFIX - usually adverbs that can't be used alone in English and appear at the beginnings of words.
ANA (up, back again, throughout, against)
HYPERBATON - a manipulation of the regular positioning of words and phrases that creates a differently structured sentence to convey the same meaning.
INTERJECTIONS - words like wow and yay. They’re sounds we make to convey extreme emotion or to create emphasis when we’re talking, sometimes when we can’t think of a good way to express ourselves. The problem with interjections is that they require a great deal of context to be understood.
INVERSION - when a writer changes the conventional placement of words
ISOCOLON - when a writer creates parallel structures in length and rhythm.
JUXTAPOSITION - when a writer places a person, concept, place, idea or theme parallel to another.
KENNINGS - when a writer twists the words, figure of speech or phrase to refer to a person, object, place, action or idea.
LATIN PREFIX - usually adverbs that can't be used alone in English and appear at the beginnings of words.
AB (away from)
METONYMY - substitution of a word or phrase with another which it suggests. "The pen is mightier than the sword," in which both "pen" and "sword" are substituted for "written prose" and "military."
MONEPIC - consisting of one word, or of single word sentences.
MORPHEME — The smallest meaningful unit of speech. A morpheme can be a free form (as in PIN) or a bound form ( -S in PINS), that contains no smaller meaningful parts. The morpheme is a sub-component of vocabulary; many words only have one morpheme, but some, such as compound words or words with affixes, have more than one.
NUCLEAR SYLLABLE — A syllable that carries maximum prominence, usually due to being stressed. For example, in the word ADDICT either AD is the nuclear syllable (if it is a noun) or DICT is the nuclear syllable (if it is a verb).
NOUNS - refer to people, places, or things. Even intangible or abstract concepts like ideas or thoughts are things.
ONSET — The part of the syllable that precedes the vowel of a syllable. In the case of multi-syllabic words, each syllable has an onset. For example; the onset of the word PILL is /p/. Contrast with rime.
ORTHOGRAPHY - the art of writing words with the proper letters according to standard usage or a part of language study that deals with letters and spelling.
OVERDIFFERENTIATION — The practice of representing a single phoneme, syllable, or morpheme with two or more symbols in a writing system. For example, the sound /k/ can be represented by C, CH or K. Also called underrepresentation; contrast with underdifferentiation.
PERICOPE - a selection or extract from a book.
PHONEME - the smallest phonetic unit in a language that is capable of conveying a distinction in meaning. "M", in "man," and "c", in "can," are phonemes.
PLEONASM - the use of more words than those necessary to denote mere sense. It stems from Late Latin from the Greek verb ‘pleonazein’ meaning “to be excessive" and is a fancy word for "redundancy." It's related to the words "plus" and "plenty," and ultimately it goes back to the Greek word for ‘more’ which is "pleōn."
.
POLYPTOTON - the repetition of the root word.
POLYSYNDETON - uses conjunctions or connecting words frequently in a sentence and are placed very close to one another.
PREPOSITIONS - little words that tell where or when (among other things) something is.
PROCLITIC - a word or syllable which is joined with the following word in such a way as to lose its own independent accent. "Prithee," which is a shortening of "pray thee," and "Get," in, "Get 'em!"
PROCATALEPSIS - anticipating and answering an opponent's objections in advance; an instance of prolepsis.
PRONOUNS - words that replace nouns. I, me, she, we, they, who, that, yours, his, her, etc. Pronouns need antecedents. That means that the thing (or person, or place) that the pronoun refers to needs to have been mentioned already by name somewhere earlier in the sentence or paragraph. If it’s not clear which thing the pronoun refers to, the reader can get quite confused.
PRONOUN ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT - When a pronoun replaces a noun, the noun is called an antecedent. The antecedent doesn’t have to go before the pronoun, but in longer sentences it can be confusing to introduce the pronoun before the antecedent.
PROSTHESIS - the prefixing of one or more letters to the beginning of a word. "Beloved."
RHYME — Sharing identical or at least similar medial and final phonemes in the final syllable. Because English has a writing system with a deep orthography, words can rhyme without sharing similar orthography (e.g. SUITE and MEET).
RIME — The part of a syllable (not a word) which consists of its vowel and any consonant sounds that come after it. Contrast with onset.
SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT - singular subjects take singular verbs and plural subjects take plural verbs.
SUBJECTIVE MOOD- subjunctive is a form verbs can take to express conditions that are hypothetical or not true. It’s not a verb tense.
The subjunctive form usually uses the third-person form of the verb with the ‑s dropped. When using the verb “to be” in the subjunctive, the present tense is be and the past tense is were. The subjunctive is used with certain expressions that imply a good or bad quality or an imperative.
SYLLABLE FAMILY — The group of syllables formed by a consonant plus all of the vowels in a language.
SYLLABLE SHAPE — An abstract combination of consonants and vowels (V, CV, VC, CCV, or CVC).
SYSTOLE - the shortening of a long syllable.
TAUTOLOGY - when you repeat an idea that has already been stated with another word or phrase.
TRIGRAPH — A three-letter sequence representing a single consonant, vowel, or diphthong, such as EAU in BEAU.
UNDERDIFFERENTIATION — The representation of two or more phonemes, syllables, or morphemes with a single symbol. For example, the symbol S is used to represent /s/ /z/ and /sh/. Also, UNDERREPRESENTATION
VERBS - action words: that’s a rather simplified explanation, but it’s the clearest one. Verbs tell you what the subject of the sentence is up to.
VERB TENSES - verbs come in past, present, and future tenses.
WORDS - the smallest elements that can be used in insulation with objective and practical meaning. Words are thought of as the smallest meaningful unit of speech that can stand by themselves.
WORD CLASSES - the parts of speech. These include nouns, determiners, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions.
WORD ROOTS - words that do not have a prefix in front of the word or a suffix at the end of the word. The root word is the primary unit of a word and of a word family. It carries the semantic content and can’t be reduced.
ZEUGMA - two words linked to another, which only applies to one of them; also, a syllepsis. See also: syllepsis.
ALLOMORPH — An alternative manifestation of a morpheme (a set of meaningful linguistic units). Allomorphs vary in shape or pronunciation according to their conditions of use, but not as to meaning. In English, the negative prefix in has several allomorphs, such as INcapable, ILlogical, IMprobable, IRreverent.
ALLOPHONE — A phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language. For example, [p] and [pH] are allophones of the phoneme /p/; [t] and tH] are allophones of the phoneme /t/.
ANADIPLOSIS- the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning and end of a sentence.
ADJECTIVES - descriptive words that add detail to a sentence. They can give important or necessary information.
ADNOUN - the use of an adjective as a noun. Blessed are the merciful.
ANTANACLASIS - repetition of a word whose meaning changes in the second instance. "Your argument is sound...all sound." -- Benjamin Franklin.
APPOSITION - the juxtaposition of two nouns, the second of which clarifies the first. "The man, a leather-clad hoodlum, bolted from the scene when the police showed up."
ASYNDETON - lack of conjunctions between coordinate words, phrases, or clauses; a form of brachylogy.
CAESURA - a break within words in a line.
CHIASMUS - a figure of speech containing two phrases that are parallel but inverted to each other.
CLITIC — A language element with wordlike status or form that resembles a word. A clitic usually cannot be used on its own as a word in a construction. Clitics are usually phonologically bound to a preceding word or a following word.
CONJUNCTIONS - words like and, but, and or that connect concepts, clauses, or parts of sentences.
CRASIS - a contraction of two vowels, usually the final and initial vowels of consecutive words, into one long vowel or diphthong.
DEEP ORTHOGRAPHY — A writing system that does not have consistent or one-to-one correspondence between the phonemes in speech and the written code. No phoneme in English is consistently represented by the same letter in all words, and only one letter (the letter v) consistently corresponds to a specific phoneme. Examples of low orthographies would include Spanish and Finnish.
DERIVATIONAL AFFIXATION — The process of adding affixes to roots or bases in order to vary function or modify meaning. Derivational affixation transforms a stem or word from one part of speech to another (from one word class to another). For example, the verb HIT can be modified with the affix -ER to become the noun HITTER. BRIGHT, plus -LY changes from an adjective into an adverb.
DETERMINER - a word that introduces a noun, (a/an, the, every, this, those, or many). For example a car, the car, this car, many cars.
ENJAMBMENT - a thought that runs from one line to the next without a syntactical break.
ENALLAGE - substitution of one part of speech, gender, number case, person, tense, mode, or voice for another. The royal "we," as a substitute for "I."
ENCLITIC - a word or syllable which is joined with the preceding word in such a way as to lose its own independent accent. "Prithee," which is a shortening of "pray thee," and "'em," in, "Get 'em!".
EPISTROPHE - the repetition of words or phrases at the end.
EPIZEUXIS - repetition of a word with vehemence or emphasis. "Alone, alone, all all alone. Alone on a wide wide sea." -- Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
EXCLAMATION (also called an interjection) - a word or phrase that expresses strong emotion, such as surprise, pleasure, or anger.
EXTRAPOSITION - placement of a subject at a later position in the sentence than where it would normally be. "To sit down," in, "It is nice to sit down," which would normally be phrased, "To sit down is nice."
GRAPHEME — A unit (a letter or letters) of a writing system that represents one phoneme; a single symbol that has one phonemic correspondent within any particular word.
GREEK PREFIX - usually adverbs that can't be used alone in English and appear at the beginnings of words.
ANA (up, back again, throughout, against)
- Anagram, anabolic
- Antibiotics, antithesis
- Apolitical
- Catapult, catastrophe
- Divide, directional
- Diagram, diagnosis
- Dysfunctional, dysentery
- Explanation, expire
- Ectoplasm
- Exoskeleton, exodus
- Engage, entice
- Euphoria
- Hemisphere
- Hyperactive, hypersensitive
- Hypotension
- Metaphorical, metadata
- Opisthotonos
- Palindrome
- Parachute, paramedic
- Periscope, period
- Postdoctoral, postdated
- Premeditate, prepare
- Proclamation, promise
- Prosody
- Synonym, synonymous
HYPERBATON - a manipulation of the regular positioning of words and phrases that creates a differently structured sentence to convey the same meaning.
INTERJECTIONS - words like wow and yay. They’re sounds we make to convey extreme emotion or to create emphasis when we’re talking, sometimes when we can’t think of a good way to express ourselves. The problem with interjections is that they require a great deal of context to be understood.
INVERSION - when a writer changes the conventional placement of words
ISOCOLON - when a writer creates parallel structures in length and rhythm.
JUXTAPOSITION - when a writer places a person, concept, place, idea or theme parallel to another.
KENNINGS - when a writer twists the words, figure of speech or phrase to refer to a person, object, place, action or idea.
LATIN PREFIX - usually adverbs that can't be used alone in English and appear at the beginnings of words.
AB (away from)
- abandonment, abdicate, abduct
- adaption, addition, addendum
- ambidextrous, ambiguity
- antebellum, antecedent
- bicentennial, bidirectional
- circumference, circumstantial
- Conspire, concatenate
- Contraband, contradict
- Delinquent, detached
- Disengage, disappear
- Endorsement, endowment, endocrine
- Episode, epidemic
- Extraneous, extravaganza
- Inactive, inadvertent
- Infrastructure, infrared
- Intercommunication, interdepartmental
- Introduce, introspective
- Intussuscept
- Nonjudgmental, nondairy
- Perfect, performance
- Retrace, re-examine
- Retrograde, retroactive
- Semigloss, semiannual
- Subjugate, subordinate
- Superior, superlative
- Transfer, transaction
- Ultrasound, ultragrade
METONYMY - substitution of a word or phrase with another which it suggests. "The pen is mightier than the sword," in which both "pen" and "sword" are substituted for "written prose" and "military."
MONEPIC - consisting of one word, or of single word sentences.
MORPHEME — The smallest meaningful unit of speech. A morpheme can be a free form (as in PIN) or a bound form ( -S in PINS), that contains no smaller meaningful parts. The morpheme is a sub-component of vocabulary; many words only have one morpheme, but some, such as compound words or words with affixes, have more than one.
NUCLEAR SYLLABLE — A syllable that carries maximum prominence, usually due to being stressed. For example, in the word ADDICT either AD is the nuclear syllable (if it is a noun) or DICT is the nuclear syllable (if it is a verb).
NOUNS - refer to people, places, or things. Even intangible or abstract concepts like ideas or thoughts are things.
ONSET — The part of the syllable that precedes the vowel of a syllable. In the case of multi-syllabic words, each syllable has an onset. For example; the onset of the word PILL is /p/. Contrast with rime.
ORTHOGRAPHY - the art of writing words with the proper letters according to standard usage or a part of language study that deals with letters and spelling.
OVERDIFFERENTIATION — The practice of representing a single phoneme, syllable, or morpheme with two or more symbols in a writing system. For example, the sound /k/ can be represented by C, CH or K. Also called underrepresentation; contrast with underdifferentiation.
PERICOPE - a selection or extract from a book.
PHONEME - the smallest phonetic unit in a language that is capable of conveying a distinction in meaning. "M", in "man," and "c", in "can," are phonemes.
PLEONASM - the use of more words than those necessary to denote mere sense. It stems from Late Latin from the Greek verb ‘pleonazein’ meaning “to be excessive" and is a fancy word for "redundancy." It's related to the words "plus" and "plenty," and ultimately it goes back to the Greek word for ‘more’ which is "pleōn."
.
POLYPTOTON - the repetition of the root word.
POLYSYNDETON - uses conjunctions or connecting words frequently in a sentence and are placed very close to one another.
PREPOSITIONS - little words that tell where or when (among other things) something is.
PROCLITIC - a word or syllable which is joined with the following word in such a way as to lose its own independent accent. "Prithee," which is a shortening of "pray thee," and "Get," in, "Get 'em!"
PROCATALEPSIS - anticipating and answering an opponent's objections in advance; an instance of prolepsis.
PRONOUNS - words that replace nouns. I, me, she, we, they, who, that, yours, his, her, etc. Pronouns need antecedents. That means that the thing (or person, or place) that the pronoun refers to needs to have been mentioned already by name somewhere earlier in the sentence or paragraph. If it’s not clear which thing the pronoun refers to, the reader can get quite confused.
PRONOUN ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT - When a pronoun replaces a noun, the noun is called an antecedent. The antecedent doesn’t have to go before the pronoun, but in longer sentences it can be confusing to introduce the pronoun before the antecedent.
PROSTHESIS - the prefixing of one or more letters to the beginning of a word. "Beloved."
RHYME — Sharing identical or at least similar medial and final phonemes in the final syllable. Because English has a writing system with a deep orthography, words can rhyme without sharing similar orthography (e.g. SUITE and MEET).
RIME — The part of a syllable (not a word) which consists of its vowel and any consonant sounds that come after it. Contrast with onset.
SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT - singular subjects take singular verbs and plural subjects take plural verbs.
SUBJECTIVE MOOD- subjunctive is a form verbs can take to express conditions that are hypothetical or not true. It’s not a verb tense.
The subjunctive form usually uses the third-person form of the verb with the ‑s dropped. When using the verb “to be” in the subjunctive, the present tense is be and the past tense is were. The subjunctive is used with certain expressions that imply a good or bad quality or an imperative.
SYLLABLE FAMILY — The group of syllables formed by a consonant plus all of the vowels in a language.
SYLLABLE SHAPE — An abstract combination of consonants and vowels (V, CV, VC, CCV, or CVC).
SYSTOLE - the shortening of a long syllable.
TAUTOLOGY - when you repeat an idea that has already been stated with another word or phrase.
TRIGRAPH — A three-letter sequence representing a single consonant, vowel, or diphthong, such as EAU in BEAU.
UNDERDIFFERENTIATION — The representation of two or more phonemes, syllables, or morphemes with a single symbol. For example, the symbol S is used to represent /s/ /z/ and /sh/. Also, UNDERREPRESENTATION
VERBS - action words: that’s a rather simplified explanation, but it’s the clearest one. Verbs tell you what the subject of the sentence is up to.
VERB TENSES - verbs come in past, present, and future tenses.
- PAST: The past is used to describe things that have already happened
- PRESENT: The present tense is used to describe things that are happening right now, or things that are continuous.
- FUTURE: The future tense describes things that have yet to happen
WORDS - the smallest elements that can be used in insulation with objective and practical meaning. Words are thought of as the smallest meaningful unit of speech that can stand by themselves.
WORD CLASSES - the parts of speech. These include nouns, determiners, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions.
WORD ROOTS - words that do not have a prefix in front of the word or a suffix at the end of the word. The root word is the primary unit of a word and of a word family. It carries the semantic content and can’t be reduced.
ZEUGMA - two words linked to another, which only applies to one of them; also, a syllepsis. See also: syllepsis.
THE LOGOPHILE LEXICON IS PART OF A
SERIES OF BEAUTIFUL WORDS
A collection of Vocabulary Words & Terms By Kai of www.bykairos.com
The Collection Includes:
A Beautiful Word: Web | Download (beautiful words)
The Logophile Lexicon: Web | Book (words about words)
Defining New Ideas: Web | Book (creativity & design)
Defining the Brain: Web | Downloads (terms of the mind)
INTRODUCTION | TOPIC INDEX | DOWNLOAD
www.logophilelexicon.com
SERIES OF BEAUTIFUL WORDS
A collection of Vocabulary Words & Terms By Kai of www.bykairos.com
The Collection Includes:
A Beautiful Word: Web | Download (beautiful words)
The Logophile Lexicon: Web | Book (words about words)
Defining New Ideas: Web | Book (creativity & design)
Defining the Brain: Web | Downloads (terms of the mind)
INTRODUCTION | TOPIC INDEX | DOWNLOAD
www.logophilelexicon.com